Developing a low-cost frequency-domain electromagnetic induction instrument

Abstract. Recent advancements and the widespread availability of low-cost microcontrollers electronic components have created new opportunities for developing using low-cost, open-source instrumentation near-surface geophysical investigations. Geophysical methods that do not require ground contact, such as frequency-domain electromagnetics, allow one or two users to quickly acquire significant amounts resistivity data in a cost-effective manner. The Colorado School Mines electromagnetic system (CSM-EM) is proof-of-concept instrument capable sensing conductive objects environments, similar concept commercial-grade equipment while costing under USD 400 build. We tested functionality CSM-EM controlled laboratory setting during design phase validated it over target an outdoor environment. transmitter antenna can generate current 2.5 A, emit signals are detectable by receiver at offsets up 25 m. requires minor refitting change functioning frequency, has been operationally 0.4 1.6 kHz. signal be measured off-the-shelf digital multimeters. Future directions will focus on improving mechanical stability with goal acquired make quantitative measurements subsurface resistivity.